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- Objective This study investigated the prevalence trends of metabolic syndrome (MetS) in children and adolescents with obesity by systematically analyzing global data. Additionally, it aimed to compare regional disparities and criteria used to identify at-risk subpopulations among this demographic group. Methods We searched three major databases, i.e., PubMed-Medline, Scopus, and Web of Science, from inception to August 31, 2023, yielding 2432 articles. We included original research papers reporting MetS prevalence among children and adolescents with obesity, irrespective of their regions and MetS diagnostic criteria used. We aggregated prevalence estimates using random-effects models to obtain the overall prevalence and conducted subgroup analyses for MetS criteria and study regions. Results We included 57 studies, amounting to 27,923 participants. The overall prevalence of MetS in participants with obesity varied greatly across studies, ranging from 2.1% to 74.4%, with an average prevalence of 29.4%. This high prevalence of MetS was further supported by a meta-analysis comprising 57 studies that further strengthened the observation of a high prevalence of MetS, revealing an overall prevalence of 26% (95% CI: 0.22–0.30; I2 = 98%). Conclusions Children and adolescents with obesity face a heightened risk of developing MetS. There is a pressing need for heightened attention to this issue, particularly in low- and middle-income countries such as those in sub-Saharan Africa.
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- People living with the human immunodeficiency virus (PLWH) are continually subjected to challenges involving the development of non-acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS)-related comorbidities despite the effectiveness of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART). Exacerbated oxidative stress, which is intrinsically linked to chronic inflammation, is implicated in non-AIDS comorbidities, including the increased risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD) observed in PLWH. Here, we review evidence on the potential pathological implications of myeloperoxidase (MPO), a leukocyte-derived enzyme and a key mediator of oxidative stress and inflammation, in driving CVD-related complications in PLWH. A systematic review approach was taken to identify relevant clinical studies through searches of Cochrane Libraries, PubMed, Web of Science, ScienceDirect, and Google Scholar, up to the 30 June 2025. The summarized data appraised clinical studies (n = 14) on adults (n = 1445) with a mean age of 45 years reporting on the association between MPO and enhanced lipid peroxidation marked by elevated concentrations of oxidized low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (oxLDL-C) in PLWH. Such results were consistent with elevated inflammatory markers, including high sensitivity C-reactive protein (hsCRP), which was also linked with endothelial dysfunction. There is a lack of evidence linking the duration of HAART to MPO levels or an increased risk of CVD. However, there is room to explore whether enhanced levels of oxLDL-C, in association with sustained MPO activation, could drive CVD risk in PLWH. The present review provides essential information on the pathological relevance of MPO in endothelial dysfunction and CVD risk in PLWH.
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