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- 2023| ElsevierSyringic acid (SACI) is an emerging nutraceutical and antioxidant used in modern Chinese medicine. It has potential neuroprotective, anti-hyperglycemic, and anti-angiogenic properties. Methyl cellosolve (MCEL) has been reported to induce tissue inflammation in the testis, kidney, liver, and lung. This study aimed to investigate the effect and probable mechanism of action of SACI on MCEL-induced hepatic and testicular inflammation in male rats. Compared to the control group, administration of MCEL to rats significantly increased the levels of IL-6, TNF-α, iNOS, COX-2, and NF-κB in the liver and testis. Additionally, the total mRNA expressions of JAK1 (in the liver only), STAT1, and SOCS1 were significantly increased in both the liver and testis, while testicular JAK1 total mRNA levels were significantly decreased. The expression of PIAS1 protein was significantly higher in the liver and testis. Treatments with SACI at 25 (except liver iNOS), 50, and 75 mg/kg significantly decreased the levels of IL-6, TNF-α, iNOS, COX-2, and NF-κB compared to the control group. Furthermore, the total mRNA expressions of JAK1 and SOCS1 in the liver were significantly reduced by all doses of SACI investigated, while the total mRNA levels of liver and testis STAT1 were significantly reduced by 25 and 50 mg/kg of SACI only. In the testis, the mRNA level of SOCS1 was significantly reduced by all doses of SACI compared to MCEL only. Additionally, SACI (at 75 mg/kg) significantly reduced PIAS1 protein expression in the liver, while in the testis, SACI at all investigated doses significantly reduced the expression of PIAS1. In conclusion, SACI demonstrated a hepatic and testicular anti-inflammatory effect by inhibiting the MCEL-induced activation of the NF-κB and JAK-STAT signaling pathways in rats.
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- Methyl cellosolve (MTC) is an established gonadotoxic and hematotoxic compound that is commonly and universally utilized in herbicide, liquid soap, stain, dye, paint, and brake fluid manufacturing industries as a solvent. Due to its wide range usage, this study therefore investigated the effect of syringic acid (SYAC) on hematological indices, sperm characteristics and morphologies, and markers of tissue damage in MTC administered male Wistar rats. Thirty (30) rats divided into six groups were used. Rats in group 1 served as control, those in group 2 were administered MTC for 30 consecutive days, those in groups 3, 4, and 5 were treated with 25, 50, and 75 mg/kg body weight of SYAC respectively also for 30 consecutive days immediately after each day MTC administrations, while rats in group 6 received 75 mg/kg body weight of SYAC only throughout. Compared with control, administrations of MTC resulted in a significant decrease in spermatozoa count, number of normal and live spermatozoa, Hb count, MCH, MCHC, serum TC, and LH, while number of abnormal spermatozoa, RBC and WBC counts, activities of serum AST, ALT, GGT, LDH, and ADH were significantly increased. Treatments with 25 mg/ kg of SYAC significantly reduced the RBC and WBC counts, serum activities of AST, ALT, GGT, and increased TC concentration. Treatments with 50 mg/kg SYAC significantly lowered the number of abnormal spermatozoa, RBC count, activities of serum ALT, AST, LDH, ADH, and increased the number of normal spermatozoa, MCV, MCH, and MCHC, while 75 mg/kg of SYAC significantly decreased the serum activities of AST, ALT, GGT, LDH, ADH, and increased serum TC concentration. Findings from this study have revealed the hepatoprotective effect of SYAC at all doses investigated but did not confer spermatoprotection and hematoprotection against MTC-induced toxicities, and looking at the 3 doses investigated, 50 mg/kg of SYAC yielded the best effect.
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- 2023| ElsevierEthnopharmacological relevance: Syringic acid (SAC) is a phenolic compound and an antioxidant that has been identified in honey, grapes, red wine, marigold and sugar apple. Due to its potent antioxidant prowess, SAC possesses hepatoprotective, nephroprotective, neuroprotective, cardioprotective and anti-inflammatory activities. Aim of the study: Judging by these credentials, this study investigated the effect of 25, 50 and 75 mg/kg body weight of SAC on hepatotoxicity induced by 100 mg/kg body weight of methyl cellosolve (MECE) in male Wistar rats. Results: Compared with control, MECE decreased the liver relative weight, nitric oxide (NO) concentration, glutathione S-transferase (GST), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), catalase (CAT) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activities, while liver malondialdehyde (MDA), nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2), Kelch-like ECH associated protein 1 (Keap1), heme oxygenase 1 (Hmox1) and NAD(P)H quinone oxidoreductase 1 (NQO1) levels were significantly increased. Treatments with 25, 50 and 75 mg/kg of SAC significantly decreased the concentration of MDA, Nrf2, Keap1 (by 50 and 75 mg/kg only), mRNA expressions of Hmox1, NQO1 and increased the concentration of NO, activities of GPx, GST, SOD and CAT compared with MECE only administered rats. Conclusion: In conclusion, SAC demonstrated a strong hepatoprotective role against MECE-induced hepatic depletion of endogenous antioxidant enzymes and inhibition of MECE-induced cytosolic Nrf2 activation and antioxidant response element (ARE)-dependent genes in rats.
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- Introduction: Syringic acid (SYRAC) isolated from Ban Lan Gen or Isatis root, a famous Chinese traditional medicine is known to possess antiendotoxic effect. Methyl cellosolve (MCE) on the other hand, is an impor- tant constituent of car brake fluids, pesticides, inks, paints, and liquid soaps, rendering humans inevitable to its exposure. Methods: This study therefore investigated the effect of SYRAC treatments on MCE-induced testicular oxidative stress in rats. Six (6) groups of five (5) rats each were involved in this study that lasted for 30 days. The first group was the control that contained rats served food and water throughout, the second group were administered 100 mg/kg body weight of MCE everyday for 30 days, the third, fourth, and fifth group were treated same way as rats in second group but were treated with 25, 50, and 75 mg/kg body weight of SYRAC respectively for 30 days, while rats in the sixth group were administered 75 mg/kg body weight of SYRAC only. Results: At the end of administrations, RTW, testicular GSH level, and activities of GPx, GST, CAT, and SOD were significantly decreased, while MDA, total mRNA expressions of HO-1, NQO1, Keap1, and Nrf2 were significantly increased by MCE compared with control. Compared with MCE only, treatments with SYRAC significantly in- creased the testicular levels of NO and GSH, as well as activities of GPx, GST, SOD, and CAT, while MDA, mRNA expressions of Keap1, NQO1, Nrf2, and HO-1 were significantly decreased. Conclusion: Conclusively, MCE-induced testicular oxidative stress was recorded. SYRAC demonstrated a gonado- protective effect by maintaining the normal levels of the endogenous antioxidants and inhibiting MECE-induced Nrf2 activation and ARE-dependent genes in rats.
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- Methyl cellosolve (MECEL) is an industrial solvent with widespread use. Some of the products that have been known to contain MECEL include paints, nail polish, inks for printing, varnish, anti-icing agents in jet fuel, liquid soaps, and so on. Tissues affected by exposure to MECEL include the thymus, fetus, testes, and blood. Recent studies have also reported the toxicity of MECEL on renal, hepatic, and pulmonary cells of rats. In this study, induction of oxidative stress, overproduction of pro-inflammatory markers, as well as activation of apoptotic and oncogenic players were reported. The testis is the most affected tissue, and the toxic effects were time dependent. Azoospermia, oligospermia, loss of seminiferous tubules, and disruption of Leydig and Sertoli cells were some of the reported consequences of MECEL toxicity. MECEL has also been reported to cause blood defects by decreasing red blood cell count, mean hemoglobin concentration, packed cell volume, and white blood cell count. Considering the outcomes of MECEL toxicity, exposure rate needs to be minimized, while more therapeutic research studies targeting the treatment of MECEL toxicity are to be conducted.
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