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- Background A limited number of studies have researched the associations between conventional cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factors and arterial stiffness in children. Objectives To explore the associations between specific conventional CVD risk factors and arterial stiffness in black South African (SA) children. Methods This cross-sectional study included 59 children (male:17; female:42). The mean age (and associated standard deviation) of the participants was 11.15 (1.40) years. Conventional CVD risk factors included body mass index (BMI), waist circumference (WC), hip circumference, systolic blood pressure (SBP), resting heart rate (RHR), peak oxygen consumption (VO2peak) and physical activity. Pearson’s correlation was used to measure associations between arterial stiffness, expressed as the stiffness index (SI), and CVD risk factors. Hierarchical multiple regression analysis adjusting for age was performed to identify associations between the independent variables (VO2peak, SBP, BMI, physical activity, RHR and WC) and the dependent variable (SI). Results Arterial stiffness was found to be significantly positively correlated with age (r=0.52; p=0.03) and significantly negatively correlated with VO2 peak (r= –0.53; p=0.03) in male participants. Following regression analysis, the association with age (r2=0.27; p=0.03) and SI remained significantly independent. When means were combined across the two gender groups, age (r=0.27; p=0.04) and RHR (r=0.26; p=0.05) were found to be significantly positively correlated with SI. Following regression analysis, both age (r2=0.07; p=0.04) and RHR (r2=0.15; p=0.02) remained significantly independently associated with SI. Conclusion Age and RHR appear to be strong predictors of arterial stiffness in black SA children.
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- People living with the human immunodeficiency virus (PLWH) are continually subjected to challenges involving the development of non-acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS)-related comorbidities despite the effectiveness of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART). Exacerbated oxidative stress, which is intrinsically linked to chronic inflammation, is implicated in non-AIDS comorbidities, including the increased risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD) observed in PLWH. Here, we review evidence on the potential pathological implications of myeloperoxidase (MPO), a leukocyte-derived enzyme and a key mediator of oxidative stress and inflammation, in driving CVD-related complications in PLWH. A systematic review approach was taken to identify relevant clinical studies through searches of Cochrane Libraries, PubMed, Web of Science, ScienceDirect, and Google Scholar, up to the 30 June 2025. The summarized data appraised clinical studies (n = 14) on adults (n = 1445) with a mean age of 45 years reporting on the association between MPO and enhanced lipid peroxidation marked by elevated concentrations of oxidized low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (oxLDL-C) in PLWH. Such results were consistent with elevated inflammatory markers, including high sensitivity C-reactive protein (hsCRP), which was also linked with endothelial dysfunction. There is a lack of evidence linking the duration of HAART to MPO levels or an increased risk of CVD. However, there is room to explore whether enhanced levels of oxLDL-C, in association with sustained MPO activation, could drive CVD risk in PLWH. The present review provides essential information on the pathological relevance of MPO in endothelial dysfunction and CVD risk in PLWH.
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