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- Skin aging and wrinkle formation are processes that are largely influenced by the overexpression of enzymes like tyrosinase, elastase, and collagenase. This study aimed to validate the skin anti-aging properties of phytochemicals from Peperomia pellucida (PP) as well as its attendant mechanism of action. Compounds previously characterized from PP were retrieved from the PubChem database and docked to the active sites of tyrosinase, elastase, and collagenase using Schrödinger’s Maestro 11.5 and AutoDock tools to predict compounds with the best inhibitory potential to block these enzymes in preventing skin aging. It was observed that our hit compounds had favorable affinity and displayed key interactions at the active sites of these enzymes similar to those of the standards. With elastase, we observed key interactions with the amino acids in the S1 sub-pocket (especially ALA-181), Zn chelation, and histidine residues, which are key for inhibitory activity and ligand stability. The hit compounds showed H-bonds with the key amino acids of collagenase, including LEU-185 and ALA-186; phlobaphene and patuloside B were found to have better docking scores and inhibition constants (Ki) (−12.36 Kcal/mol, 0.87 nM and −12.06 Kcal/mol, 1.45 nM, respectively) when compared with those of the synthetic reference compound (−12.00 Kcal/mol, 1.67 nM). For tyrosinase, our hit compounds had both better docking scores and Ki values than kojic acid, with patuloside B and procyanidin having the best values of −9.43 Kcal/mol, 121.40 nM and −9.32 Kcal/mol, 193.48 nM, respectively (kojic acid = −8.19 Kcal/mol, 898.03 nM). Based on this study, we propose that acacetin, procyanidin, phlobaphene, patulosides A and B, palmitic acid, and hexahydroxydiphenic acid are responsible for the anti-aging effects of PP on the skin, and that they work synergistically through a multi-target inhibition of these enzymes.
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- The use of cyanobacteria has gained considerable interest in many industries, including the cosmetic industry, due to its rich array of bioactive metabolites. This study evaluates the in vitro photoprotective properties and the effect of Cylindrospermum alatosporum (NR125682) and Loriellopsis cavernicola (NR117881) extracts on slowing down the enzymes associated with skin aging. Various crude extracts were prepared using hexane, dichloromethane, and ethanol solvents. The resulting crude extract solvents were completely distilled to obtain their bioactive compounds, based on selected polarities. The sulfhydryl content of the crude extracts was determined and the aging-associated enzymes’ activity (collagenase, elastase, hyaluronidase, and tyrosinase) in the crude extracts was investigated. Furthermore, the in vitro photoprotective activity of the extracts was assessed by measuring UVA and UVB photoprotection. Most of the extracts contained varying amounts of sulfhydryl compounds (10.88–78.15 mg/g). All of the extracts demonstrated in vitro inhibitory activity against tyrosinase, hyaluronidase (IC50 6 µg/mL), and collagenase (IC50 50–70 µg/mL); weak elastase inhibitory activities were also observed. The crude extracts also showed appreciable UVA and UVB photoprotective activity. Meanwhile, L. cavernicola extracts demonstrated the highest UVB photoprotective activity (SPF 14.67–78.96). It is noteworthy that the crude extracts possessed anti-skin-aging potency with notable photoprotective capability.
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